當今流行的瑜伽討論,常常會說梵我合一。這說法,來自吠檀多的一元論或稱為不二論。聽起來,很容易被追求心靈成長的我們所接受,所以變成主流。在與恩師帕薩德老師學習瑜伽哲學和歷史之後,才發現原來一元論不是唯一的「真理」,只是眾多不同闡述「真理」的其中一個理論。即使是在一元論內的範疇,有也不同形式的論述。
人,有千千萬萬種,所以需要千千萬萬的路,方便理解吧?
但是,就如帕薩德老師在以下文章所提醒的,多方理解的重要性,而不是盲從當下流行的或暢銷的觀點,並且知識只是輔助,一顆純淨的心才是最重要的。
在此翻譯帕薩德老師書寫的文章,關於「吠檀多哲學不是只有『一元論』」,供您參考。
「吠檀多 (Vedanta)」是從吠陀奧義經典中出現的其中一種哲學。所謂「吠檀多」,意思是「吠陀(Veda)的精華」。
我注意到,學生們通常只學習來自商羯羅大師(Adi Shankara)的吠檀多「不二論 (Advaita)」,並且以為這是唯一的吠檀多觀點。這是對宣揚不同吠檀多觀點的哲學導師們(Acharya)的誤解。列舉這些導師,包括羅摩奴闍(Ramanuja Acharya)的「差別不二論(Vishishta Advaita)」,摩陀婆(Madhva Acharya)的「二元論(Dvaita)」,以及伐拉巴(Vallabha Acharya)的純粹不二論(Shuddha Advaita),還有更多其他。
譯者註:以海浪(物質世界)和海洋(梵)為例。商羯羅「不二論」,認為海浪和海洋是一樣的。差別不二論,認為兩者本質一樣,但是畢竟海浪和海洋還是有形式差異。二元論,海浪與海洋不一樣,通常會包含有神的信仰。純粹不二論,海浪與海洋本質都是純淨,但否定商羯羅認為物質世間的現象為虛幻。
雖然商羯羅的不二論(吠檀多非二元)在印度的學術和教育領域是最流行的,但是若您觀察普羅大眾,大多數人是跟隨著差別不二論或者是二元的看法。像印度宗教信仰濃厚的國度,神和女神已經是生活的一部分,不二論的觀點似乎有點難以滲透到社會大眾的意識層面。
然而,吠檀多哲學的美麗之處在於它已經被導師們長期多元地反思、分析、解釋和調整,從公元六世紀高帕達(Gaudapada),到公元十六世紀伐拉巴(Vallabhacharya ),一直到2017年的宣佈另一個吠檀多理論(創立者:Shri Svaminarayan十八世紀)有別於其他吠檀多哲學論述,並命名為「Aksharapurushottama Vedanta」(Akshara-不滅永恆;Purushottma-最高本我;Vedanta-吠檀多)
他們的闡述給予多元的觀點,甚至有時候論點會彼此相反。例如,商羯羅認為梵我合一(Brahma,梵,意涵是最終真實;Jiva,我,意涵是個體原則),但是摩陀婆就認為梵與我是不一樣的。
多樣的論點是吠陀文化的基石。這些導師可以自由地以自己的方式去詮釋奧義書,因為這不是種褻瀆,而拆解、意見相左、辯論是印度哲學、教育與學術的應用層面。
我誠懇希望對瑜伽和吠檀多有興趣的人們,可以多方閱讀不同導師(Acharyas)的觀點,而不是只是同意當下流行或被暢銷的說法。
除此之外,這些導師們所提倡的多元看法不是只有學術性的,而是為為了輔助證悟(Moksha),所以哲學和論戰之上,一顆純淨的心是最重要的。
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以下為帕薩德老師英文原文:
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Vedanata is one of the philosophies emerging from Vedic Upanishadic corpus. Vedanta means the essence of Veda. I have noticed that students often end up studying only the "Advaita" Vedanta(non-dual view) of Adi Shankara thinking of it to be the only view on Vedanta. This would be a big disservice to the scholarly interpretations of other Acharyas(philosopher-teachers) who propagated different views on Vedanta, like Ramanuja Acharya(Vishista Advaita-qualified monism), Madhva Acharya (Dvaita-dual view), Vallabha Acharya (Shuddha Advaita-purely non-dual view), and many others.
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Though Shankara Advaitavada (Vedantic non-dualism) is popular amongst academics, scholars & educated people in India, if you really view the masses, most of them follow either the Vishistadvaita or Dvaita ideals. In a highly religious country like India, where Goddesses & Gods are an integral aspect of daily life, the non-dual view seems hard to filter into social consciousness.
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The beauty of Vedantic philosophy is that it has been reflected upon, analyzed, interpreted & adopted in diverse ways by Acharyas over time - from Gaudapada in 6th C.E. to Vallabhacharya in 16th C.E., to as late as 2017 with Shri Svaminarayan's Aksharapurushottama Vedanta.
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Their interpretation give diverse views, at times even diametrically opposite - as in, Adi Shankara proclaims Jiva(individual principle) & Brahma (Absolute principle) are the same, Madhvacharya claiming Jiva (individual principle) & Brahma(Absolute principle) are not the same, and so on.
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Diversity of views have been the basis of Vedic culture. These Acharyas had the freedom to interpret Upanishads in their own way because it was not blasphemous to do so. Dissent, disagreement, debates were valid aspects of Indic philosophy, pedagogy and scholarship.
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My request to those interested in Yoga & Vedanta is to study different views of various Acharyas & not just agree with what is popular or well marketed.
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Above all, let us not forget that these diverse views have been presented by the Acharyas not for mere scholarship, but to aid Moksha- the final liberation. So, beyond the philosophies & polemics what really matters is the purity of mind & heart.
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